
Photo Courtesy of the Washington Post.
Eminem has just filed for divorce from his (again) ex-wife Kim Scott.
For most of my life, I've heard that marriage is not a stable American institution. The commonly thrown around, yet uncited, statistic is that 50% of all marriages end in divorce. Meaning I had a 50/50 chance of continuing my blood line, and staying with the woman that I feel in love with. By the time I reached the dating age, I was already disenfranchised. My hopes wern't very high.
One of the advantages of taking statistics courses in college was that they would provide me a healthy dose of skepticism. Numbers can be twisted by anyone with an ideology. Numbers, also, can be repeated ad nauseium and become the de facto truth. The "50% divorce rate" immediately came to mind when I became familiar with statistical methods. A college education actually became quite useful before I even graduated.
The 50% number is an urban legend from one of three sources. First, it could be from looking at the number of marriages and divorces in one year. For instance, there were 2.4 million marriages in 1981 and 1.2 million divorces the same year. While tempting, this is not a correct interpretation of data. Second, popular culture doesn't help out marriage's reputation. Celebrity marriages seem to have a mean length of a few months, given how they are portrayed. The 50% number may be repeated because we are reminded constantly of those who abuse the ideal of marriage. Third, and most likely, origin the number could come from a 1992 Census Bureau report. In the report, the Census bureau projected:
about 4 out of 10 first marriages to the youngest cohort may eventually end in divorce. Alternatively, if one assumes a return to the pattern of divorce during the 1975 to 1980 period, 5 out of 10 first marriages may eventually end in divorce
It's not that the Census bureau used bad statistics, it's that they were taken as given contemporary numbers instead of projections. Johns Hopkins University's Andrew Cherlin has no problem with these projections in and of themselves, but also notes in his book Marriage, Divorce, Remarriage that great social change inherently creates problems for confidently projecting statistics in fields such as marriage.
So what are the real numbers? Well, one of the problems with the 50% statistic is that it was applied too broadly to the general population. The chance of divorce changes for almost every demographic category, and recently, every social class. However, using the same broad grouping that the "50%" number was made, about 31% of marriages end in divorce (New York Times, Divorce Rate: It's Not as High as You Think, published April 19, 2005). Breaking that down into states, there is a very loose correlation with higher divorce rates in Southern and Midwest states. Not surprisingly, Nevada leads all the states with the highest divorce rate in the Union ... thank you Las Vegas.
Whites divorce more than blacks, Hispanics, or Asians. Women divorce more than men. The longer a relationship lasts, the less chance there is of a divorce. The younger the age that a couple is married at, the more chance there is of a divorce. Those in their second marriage have a higher chance of getting divorced again; even more of a chance for the third marriage. College graduates have a better chance of avoiding divorce than non-college graduates. This is an example of one study that seems to corroborate what others have worked out to be just some of the differences. It's not as simple as labeling a random couple as having a 31% chance, let alone that ridiculous 50% number.
In the early 1980's, the United States saw its highest overall divorce rate, but has since seen a gradual steady decline. But, the lower rates aren't necessary because divorces are declining overall (though it does help). Cohabitation between couples has become increasingly popular as time goes on and social conditions change. Unreported Common Law marriages and couples who chose to just live on the same property without officiating the relationship with a marriage license. Divorce rates are truly lower, but less couples are getting married to begin with.
In the end, the true divorce rate for the population is incredibly complicated; but what we do know is that it's around 31%, not 50%, for the population as a whole. Within every conceivable demographic exists different divorce rates. One study even found that the rates fluctuate among each Christian denomination (Baptist, Lutheran, and so on).
Marriage isn't necessary a flip of the coin in terms of the probability of divorce. The 50% number came from a study that meant well and wasn't necessarily poorly done to begin with. However, as social conditions change, and cohabitation takes form, we see the overall divorce rate fall as well as seeing how different groups hold up. Let's not assume marriage is a dead institution, or an institution not worth cherishing.
What states do to "protect" the institution? Well, that's an entirely different discussion for another day.
Good piece, James. That 50% statistic always seemed a little sketchy to me, but having only one college statistics course -- barely remembered -- I had no real way of figuring it out. More than the numbers, though, the problem also seemed to me to be ascribing the same "failed marriage" label to all divorces. Is a marriage that lasts 25 years, then quietly splits up once the kids are out of the house a failed marriage? 25 years is a long time to do anything, and the Census Bureau's 2001 SIPP report shows the median length of a first marriage ending in divorce is just a little over 8 years. At the other end of the spectrum, is a Britney Spears 2-day marriage a failed marriage? That one didn't even try.
You mention how Nevada leads the nation in divorces and I wonder just how much the out-of-towner marriages and divorces skew the statistics for the state, and whether the number of people nationwide getting married and divorced in Nevada are enough to skew the data from other states. Any idea?
Typo on the very last word.
I've always heard 30%, which seemed reasonable unless you work in Hollywood, at which point 50% seems like an gross understatement.
Thanks for this. I am recently married and sometimes my wife and I joke about this heavy statistic that we are waiting for the bomb to drop any minute now. This is a good article and I appreciate your thoughts on this matter.
Here's an interesting Washington Post piece on a similar topic. It's entitled 'Marriage is for White People,' and it states that African Americans are increasingly becoming the least likely group to marry in America.
That article was also seeded to Newsvine awhile back by Aaron Ross Powell. It was a very interesting post, but the conversations around it never took off.
I'd also agree with robK. I had always heard around 30%, unless they were specifying young marriages or marriages of divorcees. But what would be more interesting is combining research on divorce rates and the growing number of people/couples not getting married.
For Andy Hunter, Congrats on your recent marriage and as a survivor of a divorce and a total of 25 years of matrimony perhaps I can offer a small word of advice. Never think of your marriage as a possible statistic. What the percentages are out there of survival should never have a bearing on the relationship you have with the one you love. You two are unique! So is your marriage! Sure you'll go through some of the same problems we all go through, family, money, jobs, etc., but there are to many variables with each others personalities and how you mix those two with your marriage. So I say statistics be damned! Go out there and make the best of this that you can! And remember the #1 rule of marriage - WHEN SHE'S HAPPY, YOUR HAPPY!!
"...people can come up with statistics to prove anything. 14% of people know that." - Homer Simpson
Funny -- and true. (The first part of the sentence, anyway.)
I think that whether the truth is 30 or 50 percent it's evident to me that heterosexuals aren't successful enough at the institution of Marriage to legislate other people's ability to give it a whack.
The 50% statistic was explained to me in a sociology course I took in college -
You take 4 friends, they all marry. Three of them stay married until death. One of them divorces three times. That is three successful marriages and three failed ones - however those three failed ones all belong to one person.
I think many people believe that out of those four friends, two marriages will end in divorce, two successfully - but in actuality that may not be the case.
@Brian Ford - I agree! Why should a group of people who are far from successful in an institution try to legislate that institution for other groups?
There is this fantastic quote from a book called The Sparrow by Mary Doria Russell. Page 156. The bolding is my own emphasis.
"'We all make vows, Jimmy. And there is something very beautiful and touching and noble about wanting good impulses to be permanent and true forever,; she said. 'Most of us stand up and vow to love, honor and cherish someone. And we really truly mean it, at the time. But two or twelve or twenty years down the road, the lawyers are negotiating the property settlement.'
'You and George didn't go back on your promises.'
She laughed. 'Lemme tell ya something, sweetface. I have been married at least four times, to four different men.' She watched him chew that over for a moment before continuing, 'They've all been named George Edwards but, believe me, the man who is waiting for me down the hall is a whole different animal from the boy I married, back before there was dirt. Oh, there are continuities. he has always been fun and he has never been able to budget his time properly and - well, the rest is none of your business.'
'But people change,' he said quietly.
'Precisely. People change. Cultures change. Empires rise and fall. @!$%#. Geology changes! Every ten years or so, George and I have faced the fact that we have changed and we've had to decide if it makes sense to create a new marriage between these two new people.' She flopped back against her chair. 'Which is why vows are such a tricky business. Because nothing stays the same forever.'"
(this is cross-posted on the article about the institution of marriage)
I've gotten a couple of reports of this article being "inaccurate". This abuse report is more for seeds and articles that consist of something like: "Microsoft Buys Apple", which is simply not true (at least not yet).
An article such as this one, where the author has gone to a great deal of trouble to write and to provide statistics, etc., deserve an actual comment if you disagree with any of the data or ideas presented.
To those of you who reported this article and didn't even take the time to leave a comment: don't report this as "inaccurate", provide evidence or opinion to the contrary if you don't agree with the author's thesis.
Looking at /www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/divorce.htm"title="access CDC site">summary stats on the CDC site, one finds the latest numbers (2004) say:
The marriage rate is just over twice the divorce rate.
All those marriages occurred in the one year reported. The divorces which occurred in one year can be from marriages which took place anytime over the last 50 years. The two numbers should not be related.
It seems to me that anything other than polling at death would result in very inaccurate numbers. Seems that the only realy way to determine the real odds would be to tally base on obituaries.
That would certainly provide static numbers to work from, but I'm not sure what the numbers would be able to tell us. We would be able to say, "the people who died this year had a divorce rate of x per 1,000." But is that grouping relevant enough to draw any conclusions from? Someone who dies in their 70s today most likely got married 50 years or so ago, while a young person who dies may have gotten married last year. Put enough of the 70 year-old together and we may be able to get a picture of the divorce rates of marriages originating 50 years ago, but throwing in the people who got married in different eras clouds up the picture.
I have eight aunts and uncles. Between them, there have been four divorces. One might figure a 50% divorce rate from that figure. However, one uncle accounted for three of the four divorces; that would put it at a more realistic 25% divorce rate. All it takes is some black sheep (like my uncle) to throw the figures off completely. I believe that this scenario plays itself out on a larger scale throughout our society. Tabulating the results from friends, friends parents, and coworkers over the years, I think that a 30-35% figure is far more accurate than the 50%.
You're in Easy Mode. If you prefer, you can use XHTML Mode instead. |